American Indian Quarterly, Spring 2001, Vol.25, No.2, pg.249

Both acculturationg and enculturation scales tend to use linear continua. The utility of a linear model in representing such a complex concept has been challenged by scholars such as Oetting and Beavais, who propose an orthogonal model of cultural identification in which attachment to one culture does not necessarily detract from attachment to another and multiple cultural identifications are not only possible but potentially healthy. Likewise, Deyhle has found that linear and hierarchical models of biculturalism are limited and neglect the context of racism. Theorists and researchers who use linear models often speak of cultural conflict and individuals being caught between two worlds, a circumstance that leads to a variety of social difficulties, but Deyhle believes that this perspective does not accurately depict the realities of Native youth. Rather than determining where someone fits on a continuum between two cultural identities or worlds, it may be more accurate to say that indigenous people live in one complex, conflictual world.
-from American Indian Quarterly/Spring 2001/Vol.25, No.2 Page 249